Cable connector for high speed interconnects

ABSTRACT

A cable termination that provides low signal distortion even at high frequencies. Conductive elements of the cable are fused to edges of signal conductors in a cable connector or other component terminating the cable. For terminating a differential pair, the conductive elements of the cable may be terminated to opposing edges of a pair of signal conductors in the cable termination. The conductive elements may be shaped such that the spacing between signal paths passing through the conductive elements of the cable and into the signal conductors of the cable termination is uniform.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/054,831, filed Aug. 3, 2018 and entitled “CABLE CONNECTOR FOR HIGHSPEED INTERCONNECTS,” which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/541,017, filed on Aug. 3,2017 and entitled “CONNECTOR FOR LOW LOSS ORTHOGONAL INTERCONNECTIONSYSTEM,” each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND

This patent application relates generally to interconnection systems,such as those including electrical connectors, used to interconnectelectronic assemblies.

Electrical connectors are used in many electronic systems. It isgenerally easier and more cost effective to manufacture a system asseparate electronic assemblies, such as printed circuit boards (“PCBs”),which may be joined together with electrical connectors. A knownarrangement for joining several printed circuit boards is to have oneprinted circuit board serve as a backplane. Other printed circuitboards, called “daughterboards” or “daughtercards,” may be connectedthrough the backplane.

A backplane is a printed circuit board onto which many connectors may bemounted. Conducting traces in the backplane may be electricallyconnected to signal conductors in the connectors so that signals may berouted between the connectors. Daughtercards may also have connectorsmounted thereon. The daughtercard connectors may be plugged into theconnectors mounted on the backplane. In this way, signals may be routedamong the daughtercards through the backplane. The daughtercards mayplug into the backplane at a right angle. The connectors used for theseapplications may therefore include a right angle bend and are oftencalled “right angle connectors.”

Connectors may also be used in other configurations for interconnectingprinted circuit boards. Some systems use a midplane configuration.Similar to a backplane, a midplane has connectors mounted on one surfacethat are interconnected by conductive traces within the midplane. Themidplane additionally has connectors mounted on a second side so thatdaughtercards are inserted into both sides of the midplane.

The daughtercards inserted from opposite sides of the midplane oftenhave orthogonal orientations. This orientation positions one edge ofeach printed circuit board adjacent the edge of every board insertedinto the opposite side of the midplane. The traces within the midplaneconnecting the boards on one side of the midplane to boards on the otherside of the midplane can be short, leading to desirable signal integrityproperties.

A variation on the midplane configuration is called “direct attach.” Inthis configuration, daughtercards are inserted from opposite sides of arack enclosing printed circuit boards of a system. These boards likewiseare oriented orthogonally so that the edge of a board inserted from oneside of the rack is adjacent to the edges of the boards inserted fromthe opposite side of the system. These daughtercards also haveconnectors. However, rather than plugging into connectors on a midplane,the connectors on each daughtercard plug directly into connectors onprinted circuit boards inserted from the opposite side of the system.

Connectors for this configuration are sometimes called orthogonalconnectors. Examples of orthogonal connectors are shown in U.S. Pat.Nos. 7,354,274, 7,331,830, 8,678,860, 8,057,267 and 8,251,745.

Other connector configurations are also known. For example, a RAMconnector is sometimes included in a connector product family in which adaughtercard connector has a mating interface with receptacles. The RAMconnector might have conductive elements that bend through a right angelas in a daughtercard connector. However, unlike a conventionaldaughtercard connector, a RAM may have a mating interface with matingcontact elements that are complementary to and mate with receptacles.For example, a RAM might have mating interface with pins or blades orother mating contacts that might be used in a backplane connector. A RAMconnector might be mounted near an edge of a daughtercard and receive adaughtercard connector mounted to another daughtercard. Alternatively, acable connector might be plugged into the RAM connector.

SUMMARY

Aspects of the present disclosure related to a low loss interconnectionsystem.

In another aspect, some embodiments may relate to a cable assemblyhaving a cable and a cable termination component. The cable may includetwo conductive elements. The cable termination component may include apair of signal conductors having contact tails. The contact tails mayhave broadsides and edges joining the broadsides. The signal conductorsmay be held with the contact tails in an edge-to-edge configuration witha first edge of a first signal conductor of the pair facing a secondedge of a second signal conductor of the pair. The two conductiveelements of the cable may be each attached to a respective edge of thefirst and second edges.

In some embodiments, a method of manufacturing a cable assembly isprovided. The method may include stamping a conductive piece into astructure. The structure may include first and second signal conductorsand a tie bar. The first and second signal conductors may be joined bythe tie bar. Each of the first and second signal conductors may includecontact tails having broadsides and edges joining the broadsides.Subsequent to stamping the conductive piece into the structure, the twoconductive elements of a cable may be fused to opposing edges of thefirst and second signal conductors of the structure respectively. Themethod may further include severing the tie bar. In some embodiments,the method may also include molding a housing over the structure.

Some embodiments may relate to a method of manufacturing a cableassembly comprising first and second signal conductors. Each of thefirst and second signal conductors may include a contact tail havingbroadsides and edges joining the broadsides. The method may compriseattaching the two conductive elements of the cable to edges of the firstand second signal conductors, respectively. The method may furthercomprise shaping portions of the two conductive elements of the cable soas to reduce impedance discontinuities at the cable attachment.

The foregoing summary is provided by way of illustration and is notintended to be limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In thedrawings, each identical or nearly identical component that isillustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. Forpurposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in everydrawing. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an illustrative electricalinterconnection system, configured as a right angle backplane connector,in accordance with some embodiments;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view, partially cutaway, of the backplaneconnector of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a pin assembly of the backplane connectorof FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of the daughtercardconnector of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a wafer assembly of the daughtercardconnector of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of wafer modules of the wafer assembly ofFIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a portion of the insulative housing ofthe wafer assembly of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of a wafer module ofthe wafer assembly of FIG. 5;

FIG. 9 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of a portion of a wafermodule of the wafer assembly of FIG. 5;

FIG. 10 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of a portion of awafer module of the wafer assembly of FIG. 5;

FIG. 11 is an isometric view of an extender module, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 12A is an isometric view of a portion of the extender module ofFIG. 11;

FIG. 12B is an isometric view of a portion of the extender module ofFIG. 11;

FIG. 12C is an isometric view of a portion of the extender module ofFIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of the extender moduleof FIG. 11;

FIG. 14 is an isometric view of two extender modules, oriented with 180degree rotation;

FIG. 15A is an isometric view of an assembly of the two extender modulesof FIG. 14;

FIG. 15B is a schematic representation of one end of the assembly ofFIG. 15A taken along line B-B;

FIG. 15C is a schematic representation of one end of the assembly ofFIG. 15A taken along line C-C;

FIG. 16 is an isometric view of a connector and the assembly of extendermodules of FIG. 15A;

FIG. 17A is an isometric view of an extender shell;

FIG. 17B is a perspective view, partially cut away, of the extendershell of FIG. 17A;

FIG. 18A is an isometric view, partially exploded, of an orthogonalconnector;

FIG. 18B is an isometric view of an assembled orthogonal connector;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the orthogonal connector of FIG.18B;

FIG. 20 is an isometric view of a portion of the orthogonal connector ofFIG. 18B;

FIG. 21 is an isometric view, partially exploded, of an electronicsystem including the orthogonal connector of FIG. 18B and thedaughtercard connector of FIG. 4;

FIG. 22 is an isometric view of an illustrative electricalinterconnection system, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 23A is an isometric view of a connector of the electricalinterconnection system of FIG. 22, showing a mating interface of theconnector;

FIG. 23B is an isometric view of the connector of FIG. 23A, showing amounting interface of the connector;

FIGS. 24A-24C are isometric views, partially exploded, of the connectorof FIG. 23A;

FIG. 24D is an isometric view of connector units of the connector ofFIG. 23A;

FIG. 24E is an isometric view of connector units of the connector ofFIG. 23B;

FIG. 25A is an isometric view of a cable assembly, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 25B is an isometric view, partially cutaway, of the cable assemblyin FIG. 25A;

FIG. 25C is an isometric view of a cable assembly module, which can beused to form the cable assembly in FIG. 25A, according to someembodiments;

FIG. 26A is an isometric view of a pair of signal conductors, accordingto some embodiments;

FIG. 26B is an isometric view of a cable attached to the pair of signalconductors of FIG. 26A, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 27A is a plan view of a mounting interface between a pair of signalconductors and a cable, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 27B is an elevation view of the mounting interface between the pairof signal conductors and the cable of FIG. 27A;

FIG. 27C is a plan view of a mounting interface between a pair of signalconductors and a cable, according to some embodiments; and

FIG. 27D is an elevation view of the mounting interface between the pairof signal conductors and the cable of FIG. 27C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have recognized and appreciated that a low lossinterconnection system may be constructed through integrating disparatetypes of connector units in a connector. For example, traces routedthrough a printed circuit board may generally be low loss for relativelyshort distances. One type of connector unit may therefore be configuredfor attaching to traces in the printed circuit board at the footprintwhere the connector is mounted to the board. For routing signals tocomponents on a printed circuit board that are separated from theconnector by a longer distances, the loss of routing a signal through atrace on the printed circuited may be undesirably large. A second typeof connector unit, configured to attach to a cable, may be used tocouple to signals to be routed over a longer distance. The cable maythen route the signal to a location near the component, providing alower loss connection than conventional designs in which all connectionsto components on the printed circuit board are made through traceswithin the board.

Moreover, the inventors have recognized and appreciated techniques forattaching cables to conductive elements in the second type of connectorunit. In some embodiments, the cables may be attached at opposed edgesof conductive elements configured to carry a differential pair signal.Such a configuration may orient signal conductors in the cable in thesame plane as the mating contact portions of the conductive elements.The edges may be configured such that the conductors of the cables arealigned with the mating contact portions of the conductive elements.With such an arrangement, changes of geometry at the cable attachmentinterface, which might otherwise cause changes of impedance that couldimpact signal integrity, may be reduced. Alternatively or additionally,such an attachment interface may reduce the amount of metal at theattachment interface, reducing the change of inductance relative to aconvention design in which a cable is soldered on a broadside of asignal conductor, which also reduces changes of impedance.

Further, the inventors have recognized and appreciated connector designsto ease the density of the routing breakouts at a connector footprint ona printed circuit board. In particular, the inventors have recognizedand appreciated that the footprints of high density connectors result inincreased density of routing breakouts at the board level, a problemwhich could be exacerbated by the increased circuit density on theboards. The inventors have also recognized and appreciated thatretention forces between connectors and boards may need be enhanced by,for example, hold-down screws, which consume extra real estates on theboards.

In some embodiments, a connector may be manufactured with multiple typesof connector units held by one or more support members. For example, aconnector may include first type connector units and second typeconnector units. Each connector unit may include at least one column ofsignal conductors. Each signal conductor may include a contact tail, amating contact portion, and an intermediate portion that extends betweenthe contact tail and the mating contact portion. The contact tails ofthe signal conductors of the first type connector units may beconfigured for attachment to a circuit board while the contact tails ofthe signal conductors of the second type connector units may beconfigured for attachment to a cable. In some embodiments, the connectormay further include a plurality of cables. Each cable may include one ormore wires. Each wire may be attached to a contact tail of a signalconductor of a module of the second type units.

In some embodiments, the connector units may be subassemblies formedfrom a plurality of modules. The plurality of modules may be held in ahousing and aligned in a column. In some embodiments, each module mayinclude a pair of signal conductors. At a mating interface, the pair ofsignal conductors in each module may be separated in a directionperpendicular to the column.

In some embodiments, each of the pair of signal conductors of a secondtype connector unit may include broadsides and edges joining thebroadsides. The pair of signal conductors may be formed by stamping ametal piece, with one or more tie bars connecting two opposing edges ofthe pair such that the separation between the pair is controlled by thesize of the tie bar. The size of the tie bar may be selected based onthe size of a wire in a cable to be attached, e.g., AWG 28, AWG 30, etc.The tie bar may set a spacing between opposing edges of the contacttails of the signal conductors such that, when the wire is attached toeach edge, the separation between the wires yields a desired impedance,such as an impedance matching that of the cable or other parts of theinterconnect.

Either before or after the wires are attached to the signal conductors,a housing may be molded around the pair of signal conductors such thatthe contact tails of the pair of signal conductors may be held in thehousing in an edge-to-edge configuration. The tie bar then may besevered in order to isolate the pair of signal conductors. The inventorshave recognized and appreciated that, compared with the conventionalmethod of terminating cable wires on surfaces thus forming big bumps,attaching the cable wires to the edges would allow precisely controllingthe spacing between cable wires and reduce impedance mismatch. Impedancecontrol may also be provided by an attachment that has a small impact oninductance at the conductor to wire interface.

In some embodiments, the first type connector units may have signalconductors with right-angled intermediate portions. The first typeconnector units may be in a direct attach, orthogonal, RAM or otherdesired configuration. In some embodiments, a connector may have given adesired configuration at the mating interface through attaching extendermodules to its mating contact portions. Each extender module may includea signal conducting pair with surrounding shielding. To form anorthogonal connector, the orientation of the signal pair at one end ofthe extender module may be orthogonal to the orientation at the otherend of the module. Both ends of the signal conductors of the pair may beterminated with mating contact portions that are adapted to mate withmating contact portions of another connector. The extender modules maybe held in place by a shell or other suitable retention structuremechanically coupled to the connector units.

In some embodiments, each first type connector unit may include twocolumns of signal conductors. Mating contact portions of two adjacentsignal conductors in a same column may define a pair, which iscomplementary to a signal conducting pair of an extender module. Thus,attaching extender modules to a first type connector unit would resultin a mating interface with the orientation of the signal conductingpairs being orthogonal to the orientation of the pairs of the matingcontact portions of the first type connector unit.

In some embodiments, mating contact portions of first type connectorunits may form a first array and mating contact portions of second typeunits may form a second array. In some embodiments, the first and secondarrays may collectively form a mating interface of a connector. In otherembodiments, mating contact portions of first type connector units maymate with mating contact portions of extender modules. Mating contactportions at the end of the extender modules opposite the end attached tothe first type connector units may form a third array. In thisembodiment, the second and third array collectively may form a matinginterface of a connector.

The foregoing principles are illustrated with an example, such as theinterconnection system shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 illustrates an electricalinterconnection system of the form that may be used in an electronicsystem. In this example, the electrical interconnection system includesa right angle connector and may be used, for example, in electricallyconnecting a daughtercard to a backplane. These figures illustrate twomating connectors. In this example, connector 200 is designed to beattached to a backplane and connector 600 is designed to attach to adaughtercard.

A modular connector, as shown in FIG. 1, may be constructed using anysuitable techniques. Additionally, as described herein, the modules usedto form connector 600 may be used, in combination with extender modules,to form an orthogonal connector. Such an orthogonal connector may matewith a daughtercard connector, such as connector 600.

As can be seen in FIG. 1, daughtercard connector 600 includes contacttails 610 designed to attach to a daughtercard (not shown). Backplaneconnector 200 includes contact tails 210, designed to attach to abackplane (not shown). These contact tails form one end of conductiveelements that pass through the interconnection system. When theconnectors are mounted to printed circuit boards, these contact tailswill make electrical connection to conductive structures within theprinted circuit board that carry signals or are connected to a referencepotential. In the example illustrated the contact tails are press fit,“eye of the needle,” contacts that are designed to be pressed into viasin a printed circuit board. However, other forms of contact tails may beused.

Each of the connectors also has a mating interface where that connectorcan mate—or be separated from—the other connector. Daughtercardconnector 600 includes a mating interface 620. Backplane connector 200includes a mating interface 220. Though not fully visible in the viewshown in FIG. 1, mating contact portions of the conductive elements areexposed at the mating interface.

Each of these conductive elements includes an intermediate portion thatconnects a contact tail to a mating contact portion. The intermediateportions may be held within a connector housing, at least a portion ofwhich may be dielectric so as to provide electrical isolation betweenconductive elements. Additionally, the connector housings may includeconductive or lossy portions, which in some embodiments may provideconductive or partially conductive paths between some of the conductiveelements. In some embodiments, the conductive portions may provideshielding. The lossy portions may also provide shielding in someinstances and/or may provide desirable electrical properties within theconnectors.

In various embodiments, dielectric members may be molded or over-moldedfrom a dielectric material such as plastic or nylon. Examples ofsuitable materials include, but are not limited to, liquid crystalpolymer (LCP), polyphenyline sulfide (PPS), high temperature nylon orpolyphenylenoxide (PPO) or polypropylene (PP). Other suitable materialsmay be employed, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited inthis regard.

All of the above-described materials are suitable for use as bindermaterial in manufacturing connectors. In accordance some embodiments,one or more fillers may be included in some or all of the bindermaterial. As a non-limiting example, thermoplastic PPS filled to 30% byvolume with glass fiber may be used to form the entire connector housingor dielectric portions of the housings.

Alternatively or additionally, portions of the housings may be formed ofconductive materials, such as machined metal or pressed metal powder. Insome embodiments, portions of the housing may be formed of metal orother conductive material with dielectric members spacing signalconductors from the conductive portions. In the embodiment illustrated,for example, a housing of backplane connector 200 may have regionsformed of a conductive material with insulative members separating theintermediate portions of signal conductors from the conductive portionsof the housing.

The housing of daughtercard connector 600 may also be formed in anysuitable way. In the embodiment illustrated, daughtercard connector 600may be formed from multiple units, which may be subassemblies, which mayinclude one or more “wafers” and, in some embodiments, one or moreextender modules, and one or more support members to hold the componentstogether. Each of the wafers (700, FIG. 5) may include a housingportion, which may similarly include dielectric, lossy and/or conductiveportions. One or more members may hold the wafers in a desired position.For example, support members 612 and 614 may hold top and rear portions,respectively, of multiple wafers in a side-by-side configuration.Support members 612 and 614 may be formed of any suitable material, suchas a sheet of metal stamped with tabs, openings or other features thatengage corresponding features on the individual wafers.

Other members that may form a portion of the connector housing mayprovide mechanical integrity for daughtercard connector 600 and/or holdthe wafers in a desired position. For example, a front housing portion640 (FIG. 4) may receive portions of the wafers forming the matinginterface. Any or all of these portions of the connector housing may bedielectric, lossy and/or conductive, to achieve desired electricalproperties for the interconnection system.

In some embodiments, each wafer may hold a column of conductive elementsforming signal conductors. These signal conductors may be shaped andspaced to form single ended signal conductors. However, in theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the signal conductors are shaped andspaced in pairs to provide differential signal conductors. Each of thecolumns may include or be bounded by conductive elements serving asground conductors. It should be appreciated that ground conductors neednot be connected to earth ground, but are shaped to carry referencepotentials, which may include earth ground, DC voltages or othersuitable reference potentials. The “ground” or “reference” conductorsmay have a shape different than the signal conductors, which areconfigured to provide suitable signal transmission properties for highfrequency signals.

Conductive elements may be made of metal or any other material that isconductive and provides suitable mechanical properties for conductiveelements in an electrical connector. Phosphor-bronze, beryllium copperand other copper alloys are non-limiting examples of materials that maybe used. The conductive elements may be formed from such materials inany suitable way, including by stamping and/or forming.

The spacing between adjacent columns of conductors may be within a rangethat provides a desirable density and desirable signal integrity. As anon-limiting example, the conductors may be stamped from 0.4 mm thickcopper alloy, and the conductors within each column may be spaced apartby 2.25 mm and the columns of conductors may be spaced apart by 2.4 mm.However, a higher density may be achieved by placing the conductorscloser together. In other embodiments, for example, smaller dimensionsmay be used to provide higher density, such as a thickness between 0.2and 0.4 mm or spacing of 0.7 to 1.85 mm between columns or betweenconductors within a column. Moreover, each column may include four pairsof signal conductors, such that a density of 60 or more pairs per linearinch is achieved for the interconnection system illustrated in FIG. 1.However, it should be appreciated that more pairs per column, tighterspacing between pairs within the column and/or smaller distances betweencolumns may be used to achieve a higher density connector.

The wafers may be formed in any suitable way. In some embodiments, thewafers may be formed by stamping columns of conductive elements from asheet of metal and over molding dielectric portions on the intermediateportions of the conductive elements. In other embodiments, wafers may beassembled from modules each of which includes a single, single-endedsignal conductor, a single pair of differential signal conductors or anysuitable number of single ended or differential pairs.

The inventors have recognized and appreciated that assembling wafersfrom modules may aid in reducing “skew” in signal pairs at higherfrequencies, such as between about 25 GHz and 40 GHz, or higher. Skew,in this context, refers to the difference in electrical propagation timebetween signals of a pair that operates as a differential signal.Modular construction that reduces skew is designed described, forexample in U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,509,101 and 9,450,344, which areincorporated herein by reference.

In accordance with techniques described in those patents incorporated byreference, in some embodiments, connectors may be formed of modules,each carrying a signal pair. The modules may be individually shielded,such as by attaching shield members to the modules and/or inserting themodules into an organizer or other structure that may provide electricalshielding between pairs and/or ground structures around the conductiveelements carrying signals.

In some embodiments, signal conductor pairs within each module may bebroadside coupled over substantial portions of their lengths. Broadsidecoupling enables the signal conductors in a pair to have the samephysical length. To facilitate routing of signal traces within theconnector footprint of a printed circuit board to which a connector isattached and/or constructing of mating interfaces of the connectors, thesignal conductors may be aligned with edge to edge coupling in one orboth of these regions. As a result, the signal conductors may includetransition regions in which coupling changes from edge-to-edge tobroadside or vice versa. As described below, these transition regionsmay be designed to prevent mode conversion or suppress undesiredpropagation modes that can interfere with signal integrity of theinterconnection system.

The modules may be assembled into wafers or other connector structures.In some embodiments, a different module may be formed for each rowposition at which a pair is to be assembled into a right angleconnector. These modules may be made to be used together to build up aconnector with as many rows as desired. For example, a module of oneshape may be formed for a pair to be positioned at the shortest rows ofthe connector, sometimes called the a-b rows. A separate module may beformed for conductive elements in the next longest rows, sometimescalled the c-d rows. The inner portion of the module with the c-d rowsmay be designed to conform to the outer portion of the module with thea-b rows.

This pattern may be repeated for any number of pairs. Each module may beshaped to be used with modules that carry pairs for shorter and/orlonger rows. To make a connector of any suitable size, a connectormanufacturer may assemble into a wafer a number of modules to provide adesired number of pairs in the wafer. In this way, a connectormanufacturer may introduce a connector family for a widely usedconnector size—such as 2 pairs. As customer requirements change, theconnector manufacturer may procure tools for each additional pair, or,for modules that contain multiple pairs, group of pairs to produceconnectors of larger sizes. The tooling used to produce modules forsmaller connectors can be used to produce modules for the shorter rowseven of the larger connectors. Such a modular connector is illustratedin FIG. 6.

Further details of the construction of the interconnection system ofFIG. 1 are provided in FIG. 2, which shows backplane connector 200partially cutaway. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, a forwardwall of housing 222 is cut away to reveal the interior portions ofmating interface 220.

In the embodiment illustrated, backplane connector 200 also has amodular construction. Multiple pin modules 300 are organized to form anarray of conductive elements. Each of the pin modules 300 may bedesigned to mate with a module of daughtercard connector 600.

In the embodiment illustrated, four rows and eight columns of pinmodules 300 are shown. With each pin module having two signalconductors, the four rows 230A, 230B, 230C and 230D of pin modulescreate columns with four pairs or eight signal conductors, in total. Itshould be appreciated, however, that the number of signal conductors perrow or column is not a limitation of the application. A greater orlesser number of rows of pin modules may be include within housing 222.Likewise, a greater or lesser number of columns may be included withinhousing 222. Alternatively or additionally, housing 222 may be regardedas a module of a backplane connector, and multiple such modules may bealigned side to side to extend the length of a backplane connector.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, each of the pin modules 300contains conductive elements serving as signal conductors. Those signalconductors are held within insulative members, which may serve as aportion of the housing of backplane connector 200. The insulativeportions of the pin modules 300 may be positioned to separate the signalconductors from other portions of housing 222. In this configuration,other portions of housing 222 may be conductive or partially conductive,such as may result from the use of lossy materials.

In some embodiments, housing 222 may contain both conductive and lossyportions. For example, a shroud including walls 226 and a floor 228 maybe pressed from a powdered metal or formed from conductive material inany other suitable way. Pin modules 300 may be inserted into openingswithin floor 228.

Lossy or conductive members may be positioned adjacent rows 230A, 230B,230C and 230D of pin modules 300. In the embodiment of FIG. 2,separators 224A, 224B and 224C are shown between adjacent rows of pinmodules. Separators 224A, 224B and 224C may be conductive or lossy, andmay be formed as part of the same operation or from the same member thatforms walls 226 and floor 228. Alternatively, separators 224A, 224B and224C may be inserted separately into housing 222 after walls 226 andfloor 228 are formed. In embodiments in which separators 224A, 224B and224C formed separately from walls 226 and floor 228 and subsequentlyinserted into housing 222, separators 224A, 224B and 224C may be formedof a different material than walls 226 and/or floor 228. For example, insome embodiments, walls 226 and floor 228 may be conductive whileseparators 224A, 224B and 224C may be lossy or partially lossy andpartially conductive.

In some embodiments, other lossy or conductive members may extend intomating interface 220, perpendicular to floor 228. Members 240 are shownadjacent to end-most rows 230A and 230D. In contrast to separators 224A,224B and 224C, which extend across the mating interface 220, separatormembers 240, approximately the same width as one column, are positionedin rows adjacent row 230A and row 230D. Daughtercard connector 600 mayinclude, in its mating interface 620, slots to receive separators 224A,224B and 224C. Daughtercard connector 600 may include openings thatsimilarly receive members 240. Members 240 may have a similar electricaleffect to separators 224A, 224B and 224C, in that both may suppressresonances, crosstalk or other undesired electrical effects. Members240, because they fit into smaller openings within daughtercardconnector 600 than separators 224A, 224B and 224C, may enable greatermechanical integrity of housing portions of daughtercard connector 600at the sides where members 240 are received.

FIG. 3 illustrates a pin module 300 in greater detail. In thisembodiment, each pin module includes a pair of conductive elementsacting as signal conductors 314A and 314B. Each of the signal conductorshas a mating interface portion shaped as a pin. In FIG. 3, that matinginterface is on a module configured for use in a backplane connector.However, it should be appreciated that, in embodiments described below,a similar mating interface may be formed at either, or in someembodiments, at both ends of the signal conductors of an extendermodule.

As shown in FIG. 3, in which that module is configured for use in abackplane connector, opposing ends of the signal conductors have contacttails 316A and 316B. In this embodiment, the contact tails are shaped aspress fit compliant sections. Intermediate portions of the signalconductors, connecting the contact tails to the mating contact portions,pass through pin module 300.

Conductive elements serving as reference conductors 320A and 320B areattached at opposing exterior surfaces of pin module 300. Each of thereference conductors has contact tails 328, shaped for making electricalconnections to vias within a printed circuit board. The referenceconductors also have mating contact portions. In the embodimentillustrated, two types of mating contact portions are illustrated.Compliant member 322 may serve as a mating contact portion, pressingagainst a reference conductor in daughtercard connector 600. In someembodiments, surfaces 324 and 326 alternatively or additionally mayserve as mating contact portions, where reference conductors from themating conductor may press against reference conductors 320A or 320B.However, in the embodiment illustrated, the reference conductors may beshaped such that electrical contact is made only at compliant member322.

Turning to FIG. 4, further details of daughtercard connector 600 areshown in a partially exploded view. Components as illustrated in FIG. 4may be assembled into a daughtercard connector, configured to mate withbackplane connector as described above. Alternatively or additionally, asubset of the connector components shown in FIG. 4 may be, incombination with other components, to form an orthogonal connector. Suchan orthogonal connector may mate with a daughtercard connector as shownin FIG. 4.

As shown, connector 600 includes multiple wafers 700A held together in aside-by-side configuration. Here, eight wafers, corresponding to theeight columns of pin modules in backplane connector 200, are shown.However, as with backplane connector 200, the size of the connectorassembly may be configured by incorporating more rows per wafer, morewafers per connector or more connectors per interconnection system.

Conductive elements within the wafers 700A may include mating contactportions and contact tails. Contact tails 610 are shown extending from asurface of connector 600 adapted for mounting against a printed circuitboard. In some embodiments, contact tails 610 may pass through a member630. Member 630 may include insulative, lossy and/or conductiveportions. In some embodiments, contact tails associated with signalconductors may pass through insulative portions of member 630. Contacttails associated with reference conductors may pass through lossy orconductive portions.

In some embodiments, the conductive or lossy portions may be compliant,such as may result from a conductive elastomer or other material thatmay be known in the art for forming a gasket. The compliant material maybe thicker than the insulative portions of member 630. Such compliantmaterial may be positioned to align with pads on a surface of adaughtercard to which connector 600 is to be attached. Those pads may beconnected to reference structures within the printed circuit board suchthat, when connector 600 is attached to the printed circuit board, thecompliant material makes contact with the reference pads on the surfaceof the printed circuit board.

The conductive or lossy portions of member 630 may be positioned to makeelectrical connection to reference conductors within connector 600. Suchconnections may be formed, for example, by contact tails of thereference conductors passing through the lossy of conductive portions.Alternatively or additionally, in embodiments in which the lossy orconductive portions are compliant, those portions may be positioned topress against the mating reference conductors when the connector isattached to a printed circuit board.

Mating contact portions of the wafers 700A are held in a front housingportion 640. The front housing portion may be made of any suitablematerial, which may be insulative, lossy and/or conductive or mayinclude any suitable combination or such materials. For example thefront housing portion may be molded from a filled, lossy material or maybe formed from a conductive material, using materials and techniquessimilar to those described above for the housing walls 226. As shown,the wafers are assembled from modules 810A, 810B, 810C and 810D (FIG.6), each with a pair of signal conductors surrounded by referenceconductors. In the embodiment illustrated, front housing portion 640 hasmultiple passages, each positioned to receive one such pair of signalconductors and associated reference conductors. However, it should beappreciated that each module might contain a single signal conductor ormore than two signal conductors.

Front housing 640, in the embodiment illustrated, is shaped to fitwithin walls 226 of a backplane connector 200. However, in someembodiments, as described in more detail below, the front housing may beconfigured to connect to an extender shell.

FIG. 5 illustrates a wafer 700. Multiple such wafers may be alignedside-by-side and held together with one or more support members, or inany other suitable way, to form a daughtercard connector or, asdescribed below, an orthogonal connector. In the embodiment illustrated,wafer 700 is a subassembly formed from multiple modules 810A, 810B, 810Cand 810D. The modules are aligned to form a column of mating contactportions along one edge of wafer 700 and a column of contact tails alonganother edge of wafer 700. In the embodiment in which the wafer isdesigned for use in a right angle connector, as illustrated, those edgesare perpendicular.

In the embodiment illustrated, each of the modules includes referenceconductors that at least partially enclose the signal conductors. Thereference conductors may similarly have mating contact portions andcontact tails.

The modules may be held together in any suitable way. For example, themodules may be held within a housing, which in the embodimentillustrated is formed with members 900A and 900B. Members 900A and 900Bmay be formed separately and then secured together, capturing modules810A . . . 810D between them. Members 900A and 900B may be held togetherin any suitable way, such as by attachment members that form aninterference fit or a snap fit. Alternatively or additionally, adhesive,welding or other attachment techniques may be used.

Members 900A and 900B may be formed of any suitable material. Thatmaterial may be an insulative material. Alternatively or additionally,that material may be or may include portions that are lossy orconductive. Members 900A and 900B may be formed, for example, by moldingsuch materials into a desired shape. Alternatively, members 900A and900B may be formed in place around modules 810A . . . 810D, such as viaan insert molding operation. In such an embodiment, it is not necessarythat members 900A and 900B be formed separately. Rather, a housingportion to hold modules 810A . . . 810D may be formed in one operation.

FIG. 6 shows modules 810A . . . 810D without members 900A and 900B. Inthis view, the reference conductors are visible. Signal conductors (notvisible in FIG. 6) are enclosed within the reference conductors, forminga waveguide structure. Each waveguide structure includes a contact tailregion 820, an intermediate region 830 and a mating contact region 840.Within the mating contact region 840 and the contact tail region 820,the signal conductors are positioned edge to edge. Within theintermediate region 830, the signal conductors are positioned forbroadside coupling. Transition regions 822 and 842 are provided totransition between the edge coupled orientation and the broadsidecoupled orientation.

The transition regions 822 and 842 in the reference conductors maycorrespond to transition regions in signal conductors, as describedbelow. In the illustrated embodiment, reference conductors form anenclosure around the signal conductors. A transition region in thereference conductors, in some embodiments, may keep the spacing betweenthe signal conductors and reference conductors generally uniform overthe length of the signal conductors. Thus, the enclosure formed by thereference conductors may have different widths in different regions.

The reference conductors provide shielding coverage along the length ofthe signal conductors. As shown, coverage is provided over substantiallyall of the length of the signal conductors, including coverage in themating contact portion and the intermediate portions of the signalconductors. The contact tails are shown exposed so that they can makecontact with the printed circuit board. However, in use, these matingcontact portions will be adjacent ground structures within a printedcircuit board such that being exposed as shown in FIG. 6 does notdetract from shielding coverage along substantially all of the length ofthe signal conductor. In some embodiments, mating contact portions mightalso be exposed for mating to another connector. Accordingly, in someembodiments, shielding coverage may be provided over more than 80%, 85%,90% or 95% of the intermediate portion of the signal conductors.Similarly, shielding coverage may also be provided in the transitionregions, such that shielding coverage may be provided over more than80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the combined length of the intermediate portionand transition regions of the signal conductors. In some embodiments, asillustrated, the mating contact regions and some or all of the contacttails may also be shielded, such that shielding coverage may be, invarious embodiments, over more than 80%, 85%, 90% or 95% of the lengthof the signal conductors.

In the embodiment illustrated, a waveguide-like structure formed by thereference conductors has a wider dimension in the column direction ofthe connector in the contact tail regions 820 and the mating contactregion 840 to accommodate for the wider dimension of the signalconductors being side-by-side in the column direction in these regions.In the embodiment illustrated, contact tail regions 820 and the matingcontact region 840 of the signal conductors are separated by a distancethat aligns them with the mating contacts of a mating connector orcontact structures on a printed circuit board to which the connector isto be attached.

These spacing requirements mean that the waveguide will be wider in thecolumn dimension than it is in the transverse direction, providing anaspect ratio of the waveguide in these regions that may be at least 2:1,and in some embodiments may be on the order of at least 3:1. Conversely,in the intermediate region 830, the signal conductors are oriented withthe wide dimension of the signal conductors overlaid in the columndimension, leading to an aspect ratio of the waveguide that may be lessthan 2:1, and in some embodiments may be less than 1.5:1 or on the orderof 1:1.

With this smaller aspect ratio, the largest dimension of the waveguidein the intermediate region 830 will be smaller than the largestdimension of the waveguide in regions 830 and 840. Because the lowestfrequency propagated by a waveguide is inversely proportional to thelength of its shortest dimension, the lowest frequency mode ofpropagation that can be excited in intermediate region 830 is higherthan can be excited in contact tail regions 820 and the mating contactregion 840. The lowest frequency mode that can be excited in thetransition regions will be intermediate between the two. Because thetransition from edge coupled to broadside coupling has the potential toexcite undesired modes in the waveguides, signal integrity may beimproved if these modes are at higher frequencies than the intendedoperating range of the connector, or at least are as high as possible.

These regions may be configured to avoid mode conversion upon transitionbetween coupling orientations, which would excite propagation ofundesired signals through the waveguides. For example, as shown below,the signal conductors may be shaped such that the transition occurs inthe intermediate region 830 or the transition regions 822 and 842, orpartially within both. Additionally or alternatively, the modules may bestructured to suppress undesired modes excited in the waveguide formedby the reference conductors, as described in greater detail below.

Though the reference conductors may substantially enclose each pair, itis not a requirement that the enclosure be without openings.Accordingly, in embodiments shaped to provide rectangular shielding, thereference conductors in the intermediate regions may be aligned with atleast portions of all four sides of the signal conductors. The referenceconductors may combine for example to provide 360 degree coverage aroundthe pair of signal conductors. Such coverage may be provided, forexample, by overlapping or physically contact reference conductors. Inthe illustrated embodiment, the reference conductors are U-shaped shellsand come together to form an enclosure.

Three hundred sixty degree coverage may be provided regardless of theshape of the reference conductors. For example, such coverage may beprovided with circular, elliptical or reference conductors of any othersuitable shape. However, it is not a requirement that the coverage becomplete. The coverage, for example, may have an angular extent in therange between about 270 and 365 degrees. In some embodiments, thecoverage may be in the range of about 340 to 360 degrees. Such coveragemay be achieved for example, by slots or other openings in the referenceconductors.

In some embodiments, the shielding coverage may be different indifferent regions. In the transition regions, the shielding coverage maybe greater than in the intermediate regions. In some embodiments, theshielding coverage may have an angular extent of greater than 355degrees, or even in some embodiments 360 degrees, resulting from directcontact, or even overlap, in reference conductors in the transitionregions even if less shielding coverage is provided in the transitionregions.

The inventors have recognized and appreciated that, in some sense, fullyenclosing a signal pair in reference conductors in the intermediateregions may create effects that undesirably impact signal integrity,particularly when used in connection with a transition between edgecoupling and broadside coupling within a module. The referenceconductors surrounding the signal pair may form a waveguide. Signals onthe pair, and particularly within a transition region between edgecoupling and broadside coupling, may cause energy from the differentialmode of propagation between the edges to excite signals that canpropagate within the waveguide. In accordance with some embodiments, oneor more techniques to avoid exciting these undesired modes, or tosuppress them if they are excited, may be used.

Some techniques that may be used increase the frequency that will excitethe undesired modes. In the embodiment illustrated, the referenceconductors may be shaped to leave openings 832. These openings may be inthe narrower wall of the enclosure. However, in embodiments in whichthere is a wider wall, the openings may be in the wider wall. In theembodiment illustrated, openings 832 run parallel to the intermediateportions of the signal conductors and are between the signal conductorsthat form a pair. These slots lower the angular extent of the shielding,such that, adjacent the broadside coupled intermediate portions of thesignal conductors, the angular extent of the shielding may be less than360 degrees. It may, for example, be in the range of 355 of less. Inembodiments in which members 900A and 900B are formed by over moldinglossy material on the modules, lossy material may be allowed to fillopenings 832, with or without extending into the inside of thewaveguide, which may suppress propagation of undesired modes of signalpropagation, that can decrease signal integrity.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, openings 832 are slot shaped,effectively dividing the shielding in half in intermediate region 830.The lowest frequency that can be excited in a structure serving as awaveguide—as is the effect of the reference conductors thatsubstantially surround the signal conductors as illustrated in FIG. 6—isinversely proportional to the dimensions of the sides. In someembodiments, the lowest frequency waveguide mode that can be excited isa TEM mode. Effectively shortening a side by incorporating slot-shapedopening 832, raises the frequency of the TEM mode that can be excited. Ahigher resonant frequency can mean that less energy within the operatingfrequency range of the connector is coupled into undesired propagationwithin the waveguide formed by the reference conductors, which improvessignal integrity.

In region 830, the signal conductors of a pair are broadside coupled andthe openings 832, with or without lossy material in them, may suppressTEM common modes of propagation. While not being bound by any particulartheory of operation, the inventors theorize that openings 832, incombination with an edge coupled to broadside coupled transition, aidsin providing a balanced connector suitable for high frequency operation.

FIG. 7 illustrates a member 900, which may be a representation of member900A or 900B. As can be seen, member 900 is formed with channels 910A .. . 910D shaped to receive modules 810A . . . 810D shown in FIG. 6. Withthe modules in the channels, member 900A may be secured to member 900B.In the illustrated embodiment, attachment of members 900A and 900B maybe achieved by posts, such as post 920, in one member, passing through ahole, such as hole 930, in the other member. The post may be welded orotherwise secured in the hole. However, any suitable attachmentmechanism may be used.

Members 900A and 900B may be molded from or include a lossy material.Any suitable lossy material may be used for these and other structuresthat are “lossy.” Materials that conduct, but with some loss, ormaterial which by another physical mechanism absorbs electromagneticenergy over the frequency range of interest are referred to hereingenerally as “lossy” materials. Electrically lossy materials can beformed from lossy dielectric and/or poorly conductive and/or lossymagnetic materials. Magnetically lossy material can be formed, forexample, from materials traditionally regarded as ferromagneticmaterials, such as those that have a magnetic loss tangent greater thanapproximately 0.05 in the frequency range of interest. The “magneticloss tangent” is the ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of thecomplex electrical permeability of the material. Practical lossymagnetic materials or mixtures containing lossy magnetic materials mayalso exhibit useful amounts of dielectric loss or conductive losseffects over portions of the frequency range of interest. Electricallylossy material can be formed from material traditionally regarded asdielectric materials, such as those that have an electric loss tangentgreater than approximately 0.05 in the frequency range of interest. The“electric loss tangent” is the ratio of the imaginary part to the realpart of the complex electrical permittivity of the material.Electrically lossy materials can also be formed from materials that aregenerally thought of as conductors, but are either relatively poorconductors over the frequency range of interest, contain conductiveparticles or regions that are sufficiently dispersed that they do notprovide high conductivity or otherwise are prepared with properties thatlead to a relatively weak bulk conductivity compared to a good conductorsuch as copper over the frequency range of interest.

Electrically lossy materials typically have a bulk conductivity of about1 siemen/meter to about 100,000 siemens/meter and preferably about 1siemen/meter to about 10,000 siemens/meter. In some embodiments materialwith a bulk conductivity of between about 10 siemens/meter and about 200siemens/meter may be used. As a specific example, material with aconductivity of about 50 siemens/meter may be used. However, it shouldbe appreciated that the conductivity of the material may be selectedempirically or through electrical simulation using known simulationtools to determine a suitable conductivity that provides both a suitablylow crosstalk with a suitably low signal path attenuation or insertionloss.

Electrically lossy materials may be partially conductive materials, suchas those that have a surface resistivity between 1Ω/square and 100,000Ω/square. In some embodiments, the electrically lossy material has asurface resistivity between 10 Ω/square and 1000 Ω/square. As a specificexample, the material may have a surface resistivity of between about20Ω/square and 80 Ω/square.

In some embodiments, electrically lossy material is formed by adding toa binder a filler that contains conductive particles. In such anembodiment, a lossy member may be formed by molding or otherwise shapingthe binder with filler into a desired form. Examples of conductiveparticles that may be used as a filler to form an electrically lossymaterial include carbon or graphite formed as fibers, flakes,nanoparticles, or other types of particles. Metal in the form of powder,flakes, fibers or other particles may also be used to provide suitableelectrically lossy properties. Alternatively, combinations of fillersmay be used. For example, metal plated carbon particles may be used.Silver and nickel are suitable metal plating for fibers. Coatedparticles may be used alone or in combination with other fillers, suchas carbon flake. The binder or matrix may be any material that will set,cure, or can otherwise be used to position the filler material. In someembodiments, the binder may be a thermoplastic material traditionallyused in the manufacture of electrical connectors to facilitate themolding of the electrically lossy material into the desired shapes andlocations as part of the manufacture of the electrical connector.Examples of such materials include liquid crystal polymer (LCP) andnylon. However, many alternative forms of binder materials may be used.Curable materials, such as epoxies, may serve as a binder.Alternatively, materials such as thermosetting resins or adhesives maybe used.

Also, while the above described binder materials may be used to createan electrically lossy material by forming a binder around conductingparticle fillers, the application is not so limited. For example,conducting particles may be impregnated into a formed matrix material ormay be coated onto a formed matrix material, such as by applying aconductive coating to a plastic component or a metal component. As usedherein, the term “binder” encompasses a material that encapsulates thefiller, is impregnated with the filler or otherwise serves as asubstrate to hold the filler.

Preferably, the fillers will be present in a sufficient volumepercentage to allow conducting paths to be created from particle toparticle. For example, when metal fiber is used, the fiber may bepresent in about 3% to 40% by volume. The amount of filler may impactthe conducting properties of the material.

Filled materials may be purchased commercially, such as materials soldunder the trade name Celestran® by Celanese Corporation which can befilled with carbon fibers or stainless steel filaments. A lossymaterial, such as lossy conductive carbon filled adhesive preform, suchas those sold by Techfilm of Billerica, Mass., US may also be used. Thispreform can include an epoxy binder filled with carbon fibers and/orother carbon particles. The binder surrounds carbon particles, which actas a reinforcement for the preform. Such a preform may be inserted in aconnector wafer to form all or part of the housing. In some embodiments,the preform may adhere through the adhesive in the preform, which may becured in a heat treating process. In some embodiments, the adhesive maytake the form of a separate conductive or non-conductive adhesive layer.In some embodiments, the adhesive in the preform alternatively oradditionally may be used to secure one or more conductive elements, suchas foil strips, to the lossy material.

Various forms of reinforcing fiber, in woven or non-woven form, coatedor non-coated may be used. Non-woven carbon fiber is one suitablematerial. Other suitable materials, such as custom blends as sold by RTPCompany, can be employed, as the present invention is not limited inthis respect.

In some embodiments, a lossy member may be manufactured by stamping apreform or sheet of lossy material. For example, an insert may be formedby stamping a preform as described above with an appropriate pattern ofopenings. However, other materials may be used instead of or in additionto such a preform. A sheet of ferromagnetic material, for example, maybe used.

However, lossy members also may be formed in other ways. In someembodiments, a lossy member may be formed by interleaving layers oflossy and conductive material such as metal foil. These layers may berigidly attached to one another, such as through the use of epoxy orother adhesive, or may be held together in any other suitable way. Thelayers may be of the desired shape before being secured to one anotheror may be stamped or otherwise shaped after they are held together.

FIG. 8 shows further details of construction of a wafer module 1000.Module 1000 may be representative of any of the modules in a connector,such as any of the modules 810A . . . 810D shown in FIGS. 5-6. Each ofthe modules 810A . . . 810D may have the same general construction, andsome portions may be the same for all modules. For example, the contacttail regions 820 and mating contact regions 840 may be the same for allmodules. Each module may include an intermediate portion region 830, butthe length and shape of the intermediate portion region 830 may varydepending on the location of the module within the wafer.

In the embodiment illustrated, module 100 includes a pair of signalconductors 1310A and 1310B (FIG. 9) held within an insulative housingportion 1100. Insulative housing portion 1100 is enclosed, at leastpartially, by reference conductors 1010A and 1010B. This subassembly maybe held together in any suitable way. For example, reference conductors1010A and 1010B may have features that engage one another. Alternativelyor additionally, reference conductors 1010A and 1010B may have featuresthat engage insulative housing portion 1100. As yet another example, thereference conductors may be held in place once members 900A and 900B aresecured together as shown in FIG. 5.

In the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 8, subregion 1042 isdesigned to overlap pin module 300 when module 1000 is pressed fullyagainst pin module 300. Projecting insulative members 1042A and 1042Bare sized to fit within spaces 342A and 342B, respectively. With themodules pressed together, the distal ends of insulative members 1042Aand 1042B press against surfaces 450 (FIG. 3). Those distal ends mayhave a shape complementary to the taper of surfaces 450 such thatinsulative members 1042A and 1042B fill spaces 342A and 342B,respectively. That overlap creates a relative position of signalconductors, dielectric, and reference conductors that may approximatethe structure within subregion 340. These components may be sized toprovide the same impedance as in subregion 340 when modules 300 and 1000are fully pressed together. When the modules are fully pressed together,which in this example is the nominal mating position, the signalconductors will have the same impedance across the mating region made upby subregions 340, 1040 and where subregions 342 and 1042 overlap.

These components also may be sized and may have material properties thatprovide impedance control as a function of separation of modules 300 and1000. Impedance control may be achieved by providing approximately thesame impedance through subregions 342 and 1042, even if those subregionsdo not fully overlap, or by providing gradual impedance transitions,regardless of separation of the modules.

In the illustrated embodiment, this impedance control is provided inpart by projecting insulative members 1042A and 1042B, which fully orpartially overlap module 300, depending on separation between modules300 and 1000. These projecting insulative members can reduce themagnitude of changes in relative dielectric constant of materialsurrounding pins from pin module 300. Impedance control is also providedby projections 1020A and 1022A and 1020B and 1022B in the referenceconductors 1010A and 1010B. These projections impact the separation, ina direction perpendicular to the axis of the signal conductor pair,between portions of the signal conductor pair and the referenceconductors 1010A and 1010B. This separation, in combination with othercharacteristics, such as the width of the signal conductors in thoseportions, may control the impedance in those portions such that itapproximates the nominal impedance of the connector or does not changeabruptly in a way that may cause signal reflections. Other parameters ofeither or both mating modules may be configured for such impedancecontrol.

Turning to FIG. 9, further details of exemplary components of a module1000 are illustrated. FIG. 9 is an exploded view of module 1000, withoutreference conductors 1010A and 1010B shown. Insulative housing portion1100 is, in the illustrated embodiment, made of multiple components.Central member 1110 may be molded from insulative material. Centralmember 1110 includes two grooves 1212A and 1212B into which conductiveelements 1310A and 1310B, which in the illustrated embodiment form apair of signal conductors, may be inserted.

Covers 1112 and 1114 may be attached to opposing sides of central member1110. Covers 1112 and 1114 may aid in holding conductive elements 1310Aand 1310B within grooves 1212A and 1212B and with a controlledseparation from reference conductors 1010A and 1010B. In the embodimentillustrated, covers 1112 and 1114 may be formed of the same material ascentral member 1110. However, it is not a requirement that the materialsbe the same, and in some embodiments, different materials may be used,such as to provide different relative dielectric constants in differentregions to provide a desired impedance of the signal conductors.

In the embodiment illustrated, grooves 1212A and 1212B are configured tohold a pair of signal conductors for edge coupling at the contact tailsand mating contact portions. Over a substantial portion of theintermediate portions of the signal conductors, the pair is held forbroadside coupling. To transition between edge coupling at the ends ofthe signal conductors to broadside coupling in the intermediateportions, a transition region may be included in the signal conductors.Grooves in central member 1110 may be shaped to provide the transitionregion in the signal conductors. Projections 1122, 1124, 1126 and 1128on covers 1112 and 1114 may press the conductive elements againstcentral portion 1110 in these transition regions.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, it can be seen that thetransition between broadside and edge coupling occurs over a region1150. At one end of this region, the signal conductors are alignededge-to-edge in the column direction in a plane parallel to the columndirection. Traversing region 1150 in towards the intermediate portion,the signal conductors jog in opposition direction perpendicular to thatplane and jog towards each other. As a result, at the end of region1150, the signal conductors are in separate planes parallel to thecolumn direction. The intermediate portions of the signal conductors arealigned in a direction perpendicular to those planes.

Region 1150 includes the transition region, such as 822 or 842 where thewaveguide formed by the reference conductor transitions from its widestdimension to the narrower dimension of the intermediate portion, plus aportion of the narrower intermediate region 830. As a result, at least aportion of the waveguide formed by the reference conductors in thisregion 1150 has a widest dimension of W, the same as in the intermediateregion 830. Having at least a portion of the physical transition in anarrower part of the waveguide reduces undesired coupling of energy intowaveguide modes of propagation.

Having full 360 degree shielding of the signal conductors in region 1150may also reduce coupling of energy into undesired waveguide modes ofpropagation. Accordingly, openings 832 do not extend into region 1150 inthe embodiment illustrated.

In the embodiment illustrated, conductive members 1310A and 1310B eachhave edges and broader sides between those edges. Contact tails 1330Aand 1330B are aligned in a column 1340. With this alignment, edges ofconductive elements 1310A and 1310B face each other at the contact tails1330A and 1330B. Other modules in the same wafer will similarly havecontact tails aligned along column 1340. Contact tails from adjacentwafers will be aligned in parallel columns. The space between theparallel columns creates routing channels on the printed circuit boardto which the connector is attached. Mating contact portions 1318A and1318B are aligned along column 1344.

In the example of FIG. 9, conductive elements for a right angleconnector are illustrated, as reflected by the right angle betweencolumn 1340, representing points of attachment to a daughtercard, andcolumn 1344, representing locations for mating pins attached to abackplane connector.

FIG. 10 shows further detail of a module 1000. In this view, conductiveelements 1310A and 1310B are shown separated from central member 1110.For clarity, covers 1112 and 1114 are not shown. Transition region 1312Abetween contact tail 1330A and intermediate portion 1314A is visible inthis view. Similarly, transition region 1316A between intermediateportion 1314A and mating contact portion 1318A is also visible. Similartransition regions 1312 B and 1316B are visible for conductive element1310B, allowing for edge coupling at contact tails 1330B and matingcontact portions 1318B and broadside coupling at intermediate portion1314B.

The mating contact portions 1318A and 1318B may be formed from the samesheet of metal as the conductive elements. However, it should beappreciated that, in some embodiments, conductive elements may be formedby attaching separate mating contact portions to other conductors toform the intermediate portions. For example, in some embodiments,intermediate portions may be cables such that the conductive elementsare formed by terminating the cables with mating contact portions.

In the embodiment illustrated, the mating contact portions are tubular.Such a shape may be formed by stamping the conductive element from asheet of metal and then forming to roll the mating contact portions intoa tubular shape. The circumference of the tube may be large enough toaccommodate a pin from a mating pin module, but may conform to the pin.The tube may be split into two or more segments, forming compliantbeams. Two such beams are shown in FIG. 10. Bumps or other projectionsmay be formed in distal portions of the beams, creating contactsurfaces. Those contact surfaces may be coated with gold or otherconductive, ductile material to enhance reliability of an electricalcontact.

When conductive elements 1310A and 1310B are mounted in central member1110, mating contact portions 1318A and 1318B fit within openings 1220A1220B. The mating contact portions are separated by wall 1230. Thedistal ends 1320A and 1320B of mating contact portions 1318A and 1318Bmay be aligned with openings, such as opening 1222B, in platform 1232.These openings may be positioned to receive pins from the mating pinmodule 300. Wall 1230, platform 1232 and insulative projecting members1042A and 1042B may be formed as part of portion 1110, such as in onemolding operation. However, any suitable technique may be used to formthese members.

FIG. 10 shows a further technique that may be used, instead of or inaddition to techniques described above, for reducing energy in undesiredmodes of propagation within the waveguides formed by the referenceconductors in transition regions 1150. Conductive or lossy material maybe integrated into each module so as to reduce excitation of undesiredmodes or to damp undesired modes. FIG. 10, for example, shows lossyregion 1215. Lossy region 1215 may be configured to fall along thecenter line between signal conductors 1310A and 1310B in some or all ofregion 1150. Because signal conductors 1310A and 1310B jog in differentdirections through that region to implement the edge to broadsidetransition, lossy region 1215 may not be bounded by surfaces that areparallel or perpendicular to the walls of the waveguide formed by thereference conductors. Rather, it may be contoured to provide surfacesequidistant from the edges of the signal conductors 1310A and 1310B asthey twist through region 1150. Lossy region 1215 may be electricallyconnected to the reference conductors in some embodiments. However, inother embodiments, the lossy region 1215 may be floating.

Though illustrated as a lossy region 1215, a similarly positionedconductive region may also reduce coupling of energy into undesiredwaveguide modes that reduce signal integrity. Such a conductive region,with surfaces that twist through region 1150, may be connected to thereference conductors in some embodiments. While not being bound by anyparticular theory of operation, a conductor, acting as a wall separatingthe signal conductors and as such twists to follow the twists of thesignal conductors in the transition region, may couple ground current tothe waveguide in such a way as to reduce undesired modes. For example,the current may be coupled to flow in a differential mode through thewalls of the reference conductors parallel to the broadside coupledsignal conductors, rather than excite common modes.

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of an extender module 1500 that maybe used in an orthogonal connector. The extender module includes a pairof signal conductors that have first mating contact portions 1510A and1512A, and second mating contact portions 1510B and 1512B. The first andsecond mating contact portions are positioned at a first end 1502 and asecond end 1504 of the extender module, respectively. As illustrated,the first mating contact portions are positioned along a first line 1550that is orthogonal to a second line 1552 along which the second matingcontact portions are positioned. In the depicted embodiment, the matingcontact portions are shaped as pins and are configured to mate with acorresponding mating contact portion of a connector module 810; however,it should be understood that other mating interfaces, such as beams,blades, or any other suitable structure also may be used for the matingcontact portions as the current disclosure is not so limited. Asdescribed in more detail below, conductive shield elements 1520A and1520B are attached to opposing sides of the extender module 1500 in anintermediate portion 1510 between the first end 1502 and the second end1504. The shield elements surround the intermediate portion such thatthe signal conductors within the extender module are fully shielded.

FIGS. 12A-12C illustrate further details of the signal conductors 1506and 1508 disposed within the extender module 1500. Insulative portionsof the extender module are also visible, as the shield elements 1520Aand 1520B are not visible in these views. As shown in in FIG. 12A, thefirst and second signal conductors are each formed as a single piece ofconducting material with mating contact portions 1510 and 1512 connectedby intermediate portions 1514 and 1516. The intermediate portionsinclude a 90° bend such that the first mating portions are orthogonal tothe second mating portions, as discussed above. Further, as illustrated,the bends in the first and second signal conductors are offset such thatthe lengths of the two signal conductors are substantially the same;such a construction may be advantageous to reduce and/or eliminate skewin a differential signal carried by the first and second signalconductors.

Referring now to FIGS. 12B and 12C, the intermediate portions 1514 and1516 of signal conductors 1506 and 1508 are disposed within insulatingmaterial 1518. First and second portions of insulating material 1518Aand 1518B are formed adjacent to the mating contact portions 1510 and1512, and a third insulating portion 1522 is formed between the firstand second portions around the intermediate portion of the signalconductors. Although in the depicted embodiment, the insulating materialis formed as three separate portions, it should be understood that inother embodiments the insulating may be formed as a single portion, twoportions, or as more than three portions, as the current disclosure isnot so limited. The insulated portions 1518 and 1522 define orthogonalplanar regions 1526 and 1528 on each side of the extender module towhich the conductive elements 1520A and 1520B attach. Moreover, it isnot a requirement that an extender module be formed using operations inthe sequence illustrated in FIGS. 12A-12C. For example, the insulatedportions 1518A and 1518B might be molded around signal conductors 1506and 1508 prior to those conductive elements being bent at a right angle.

FIG. 13 shows an exploded view of an extender module 1500 andillustrates further details of the conductive shield elements 1520A and1520B. The shield elements are shaped to conform to the insulatingmaterial 1518. As illustrated, the first shield element 1520A isconfigured to cover an outer surface of the extender module, and thesecond shield element 1520B is configured to cover an inner surface. Inparticular, the shield elements include first and second planar portions1530A and 1530B shaped to attach to planar regions 1526 and 1528,respectively, and the planar portions are separated by a 90° bend 1532such that the planar portions are orthogonal. The shield elementsfurther include retention clips 1534A and 1534B, and tabs 1536, each ofwhich attach to a corresponding feature on the insulating material 1518or an opposing shield element to secure the shield elements to theextender module.

In the illustrated embodiment, the conductive shield elements 1520A and1520B include mating contact portions formed as four compliant beams1538A . . . 1538D. When assembled (FIG. 11), two of the compliant beams1538A and 1538B are adjacent the first end 1502 of the extender module1500; the other two compliant beams 1538C and 1538D are adjacent thesecond end 1504. Each pair of compliant beams is separated by anelongated notch 1540.

In some embodiments, the conductive shield elements 1520A and 1520B mayhave the same construction at each end, such that shield elements 1520Aand 1520B may have the same shape, but a different orientation. However,in the embodiment illustrated shield elements 1520A and 1520B have adifferent construction at the first end 1502 and second end,respectively, such that shield elements 1520A and 1520B have differentshapes. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 13, the compliant beams1538C and 1538D adjacent the second end include fingers 1542 which arereceived in a corresponding pocket 1544. The fingers and pocket areconstructed and arranged to introduce a pre-loading in the compliantbeams which may aid in providing a reliable mating interface. Forexample, the pre-loading may cause the compliant beams to curve or bowoutward from the extender module to promote mating contact as the secondend of the extender module is received in a corresponding connectormodule.

Referring now to FIG. 14, two identical extender modules 1900A and 1900Bare illustrated rotated 180° with respect to each other along alongitudinal axis of each module. As described in more detail below, theextender modules are shaped such that two modules may interlock whenrotated in this manner to form a an extender module assembly 2000 (FIG.15A). When interlocked in this manner, the first and second planarportions 1926A and 1928A on the first module are adjacent and parallelto the first and second planar portions 1926B and 1928B, respectively,on the second module.

FIG. 15A shows an extender module assembly including the two extendermodules 1900A and 1900B of FIG. 14. As illustrated, the mating portionsof the signal conductors 1910A . . . 1910D and 1912A . . . 1912D formtwo square arrays of mating contacts at the ends of the assembly. FIGS.15B-15C illustrate schematic top and bottom views of the square arrays,respectively, and show the relative orientations of the mating portionsof each signal conductor in the extender modules. In the depictedembodiment, the assembly has a center line 2002 parallel to alongitudinal axis of each extender module, and the center of each of thesquare arrays is aligned with the center line.

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of an orthogonal connector 2100during a stage of manufacture. Similar to daughtercard connector 600,the orthogonal connector is assembled from connector modules andincludes contact tails 2110 extending from a surface of the connectoradapted for mounting to a printed circuit board. However, the connector2100 further includes a front housing 2140 adapted to receive aplurality of extender modules. The front housing also includes retainingfeatures 2150 to engage with corresponding features on an extender shell2300, as described below. As shown, assemblies 2000 of extender modulesmay be simply slid into the front housing to facilitate simple assemblyof a connector 2100.

FIG. 16 shows two, interlocked extender modules being inserter into theconnector components. Inserting a pair of extender modules alreadyinterlocked avoids complexities of interlocking the extender modulesafter one is already inserted, but it should be appreciated that othertechniques may be used to assemble the extender modules to the connectorcomponents. As an example of another variation, multiple pairs ofextender modules may be inserted in one operation.

FIG. 17A depicts one embodiment of an extender shell 2300 for use with adirect attach orthogonal connector. The extender shell has a first side2302 adapted to attach to the front housing 2140 of an orthogonalconnector 2100. As shown, the first side includes cutouts 2350 in theouter wall 2306 adapted to engage with the retaining features 2150 onfront housing 2140. As discussed below, the second side 2304 of theextender shell is configured for separable mating with a daughtercardconnector (e.g., a RAF connector). Further, the extender shell includesmounting holes 2310 which may be used to attach the extender shell toadditional components of an interconnection system, such as a printedcircuit board. A cross-sectional view of the extender shell is shown inFIG. 17B. Similar to the backplane connector 200, the extender shellincludes lossy or conductive dividers 2320 and 2322 disposed in thefirst and second side of the extender shell, respectively.

Referring now to FIGS. 18A-18B, a direct attach connector 2400 includesan orthogonal connector 2100 having a front housing 2140 adapted toengage with an extender shell 2300. A plurality of extender modules arearranged as assemblies 2000 with shielded signal contacts positioned insquare arrays, and the first ends of the extender modules are receivedin the front housing. As illustrated, the extender shell is placed overthe extender modules and then secured to form connector 2400; theconnector includes a mating end 2410 which may attach and mate with aconnector such as daughtercard connector 600 on an orthogonal printedcircuit board, as discussed below.

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the assembled connector 2400. Themating ends of the extender modules 1500 are received in correspondingconnector modules 810A . . . 810D on wafers 700. In the depictedembodiment, the extender modules are disposed within the extender shell.Further, the mating contact portions of the extender modules that aremated with the connector modules are orthogonal to the mating contactportions that extend into the mating end 2410 of the connector such thatthe connector may be used as a direct attach orthogonal connector.

FIG. 20 is a detailed view of the mating end 2410 of the connector 2400.The pins forming the mating contact portions of the extender modules areorganized in an array of differential signal pairs, forming a matinginterface. As discussed above, lossy or conductive dividers 2320separate rows of signal pins.

FIG. 21 depicts one embodiment of an assembled orthogonal connector 2400that may directly attach to a RAF connector such as daughtercardconnector 600 via a separable interface 2700. As shown, the contacttails 2210 of the connector 2400 are oriented orthogonally to thecontact tails 610 of the daughtercard connector 600. In this manner,printed circuit boards (not shown for simplicity) to which theconnectors may be attached by their contact tails may be orientedorthogonally. It should be understood that although one orthogonalconfiguration for the connectors 2400 and 600 is depicted, in otherembodiments, the daughtercard connector may be rotated 180° to form asecond orthogonal configuration. For example, the depicted configurationmay correspond to a 90° rotation of connector 600 relative to connector2400, and a second orthogonal configuration (not depicted) maycorrespond to a 270° rotation.

An orthogonal configuration, as illustrated in FIG. 21, creates signalpaths to a printed circuit board through a connector attached to an edgeof a board. That connector is attached to the board at a footprint.Traces “breakout” of that footprint and are routed to other points onthe board where they connect to other components. In this way, signalsmay be routed through a connector to a component anywhere on the board.However, in some scenarios, the board will be large enough that thedistance between the connector and the component that receives a signalis long, such as greater than six inches. These long traces mayundesirably degrade a signal carried on such a trace. FIG. 22illustrates a configuration in which long traces are avoided, byfacilitating integration of cables to carry signal over long distances.

FIG. 22 illustrates an electrical interconnection system 2800 includingconnectors 2802, 2804, 2900, cables 2806, and printed circuit boards(PCBs) 2801, 2803. Connector 2900 may include first type connector units2902 and second type connector units 2904. The first type connectorunits may be directly mounted to PCB 2801. The second type connectorunits may be coupled to PCB 2801 through cables 2806. In the embodimentillustrated, cables 2806 connect to connector 2802, which in turn makesconnections to PCB 2801. In the illustrated example, connector 2900includes two types of connector units, which, in this example, are aplurality of first type connector units and one second type connectorunit. However, the present invention is not limited in this regard. Insome embodiments, a connector may include more than two types ofconnector units, for example, three types, four types, or more. Itshould also be appreciated that a connector may include any suitablenumber of any type connector units. Connector 2804 may be mounted to PCB2803 at one end and mate with connector 2900 on the other end such thatPCB 2803 is orthogonal to PCB 2801.

Cables 2806 may have first ends 2808 attached to the second typeconnector units 2904 and second ends 2810 attached to connector 2802,through which the cables are coupled to PCB 2801. The second ends of thecables may be coupled to PCB 2801 at a location spaced from the firstends of the cables with a distance D. Any suitable value may be selectedfor the distance D. In some embodiments, D may be at least 6 inches, inthe range of 1 to 20 inches, or any value within the range, such asbetween 6 and 20 inches. However, the upper limit of the range maydepend on the size of PCB 2801, and the distance from connector 2900that components (not shown) are mounted to PCB 2801, as connector 2802may be mounted near components that receive or generate signals thatpass through cables 2806. As a specific example, connector 2802 may bemounted within 6 inches of those components, and in some embodiments,will be mounted within 4 inches of those components or within 2 inchesof those components.

The inventors also have recognized and appreciated that the footprint ofconnector 2900 on PCB 2801 is a combination of the footprint of thefirst type connector units and the footprint of the second typeconnector units. At the mounting location of the first type connectorunits, the connector footprint occupies less real estate on the boardthan the combined footprint, which frees layout areas for circuit tracesand/or placing hold-down screws to enhance the retention forces.Alternatively or additionally, PCB 2801 may have fewer layers than wouldbe required for routing out of the connector footprint all of thesignals passing through the first type and the second type units.Further, there may be fewer restrictions on traces routed out of thefootprint from the second type connector units. The footprint of thesecond type connector units on PCB 2801 is defined by the mounting end2812 of connector 2802. The mounting end of connector 2802 may beconfigured for ease of routing with high signal integrity. For example,the footprint associated with mounting end 2812 may be spaced from theedge of the PCB 2801 such that traces may be routed out of that portionof the footprint in all directions. Further, the illustrative secondconnector unit 2904 in FIG. 22 is attached with 12 cables aligned in acolumn at the first ends. The column of cables are arranged to a 3×4array at the second ends attached to the connector 2802. Such aconfiguration, or other configuration selected for mounting end 2812,may result in relatively short breakout regions that maintain signalintegrity in connecting to an adjacent component in comparison torouting patterns that might be required were those same 12 signalsrouted out of a larger footprint formed by first type and second typeunits together.

Connector 2900 may be mated to any suitable type of connector. In someembodiments, mating connector 2804 may be an orthogonal connector,configured similarly to connector 600 illustrated in FIG. 4. In such anembodiment, connector 2900 may be a direct attach orthogonal connector.However, the present invention is not limited in this regard andconnector 2900 may be used in a midplane configuration or any othersuitable configuration. Moreover, a connector, such as connector 2900,with multiple types of units may be used in other configurations, suchas a RAM or RAF configuration.

FIG. 23A-23B illustrate isometric views of connector 2900, looking froma mating interface 2920 and a mounting interface 2910 respectively.Connector 2900 may include an extender shell 2906 holding both the firsttype connector units 2902 and the second type connector unit 2904. Theconnector units may include signal conductors having mating contactportions 2912, contact tails 2914, and intermediate portions (not shown)that extend between the contact tails and the mating contact portions.The mating contact portions are shaped as pins in the illustratedembodiment. The pins are arranged to form pairs, with each pairextending parallel to direction 3006, and pairs aligned in columndirection 3002, forming an array of pairs. The extender shell mayinclude dividers 2908. The pairs of mating contact portions in eachcolumn may be separated by a divider.

In this example, the first type connector units 2902 include wafers3008, which may be configured similar to a wafer 700 illustrated in FIG.5. Rear portions of the wafers may be held by a support member 3014. Inthe illustrated embodiment, connector 2900 includes 10 wafers 3008. Awafer 3008 includes 6 wafer modules held by a housing made by two halves3018A and 3018B. Each module includes a pair of differential signalconductors 2916A, 2916B.

As illustrated, for example in FIG. 16, the pairs of signal conductorswithin each of wafers 3008 may be aligned in column direction 3002. Toachieve the orientation of pins at the mating interface illustrated inFIG. 24A, orthogonal extender modules, such as extender modules 2000(FIG. 16) may be attached to the mating interfaces of the wafers 3008.FIGS. 24A-24E illustrate that connector 2900 may further include aplurality of extender modules 3010 attached to the mating ends of wafers3008. The extender modules 3010 may be configured similar to theextender modules 1500 illustrated in FIGS. 11-13. Two identical extendermodules 3010 may also form an extender module assembly 3012 similar tothe extender module 2000 illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15B.

A plurality of wafers and a plurality of extender modules may be held byone or more support members 3004. In the embodiment illustrated, supportmembers 3004 are implemented as at least two separate components 2902Aand 2902B. However, any suitable number and shape of components may beused to form a support member. Additional components, for example, mayhold the wafers at an opposing surface and/or at the sides of thestructure shown. Alternatively or additionally, support member 3004 maybe a housing, having an opening receiving and securing the wafers.

In the embodiment of FIG. 24A, member 2902A holds six wafers and member2902B holds four wafers. The wafers held by 2902A are collectivelyattached to 24 extender modules 3010, and the wafers attached to member2902B are collectively attached to 36 extender modules 3010. As eachcolumn of extender modules attaches to two wafers, those two wafers, andattached extender modules, may be regarded as a first type “unit,” and aconnector may be formed with any suitable number of such units.

However, it should be appreciated that each first type connector unitmay be a subassembly of any suitable number of components to implementany suitable number of columns of conductive elements or may beimplemented as a single component or in any other suitable way. Usingwafers and extender modules as illustrated, each first type connectorunit may be formed from a multiple of two wafers, such as two, four, sixor eight wafers and a multiple of that number of extender modules, themultiple being equal to the number of signal conductors in one wafer,but the application is not limited in this regard

If multiple units are used, the connector units may be held together bya support member. In the embodiment illustrated, extender shell 2906acts as a support member. The support member 3004 may include retainingfeatures 2950 to engage with corresponding features 2960 on the extendershell 2906. It should be appreciated, however, that support members 3004may, in some embodiments, may be omitted, if wafers are attacheddirectly to extender shell 2906 or, if other supporting structures areused to hold the components of the connector together.

In FIGS. 24A-24E, the mating contact portions of the wafers 3008 arecovered by the support members 3004 and not shown. However, the matingcontact portions may be configured similar to the mating contactportions of wafers 700 illustrated in FIG. 5. Each wafer module of awafer 3008 may include a pair of differential signal conductors. Themating contact portions of the wafer modules may be configured asreceptacles adapted to receive the first mating contact portions of theextender modules, which may be configured as pins. The mating contactportions of the wafer modules in a wafer may be aligned in the directionof column 3002. Adjacent wafer modules, each from one of the two wafers3008 in a first type connector unit 2902, may receive first matingcontact portions of an extender module assembly 3012. As a result,second mating contact portions of the extender module assemblies mayform an array 3202, in which pairs of differential signal conductors maybe aligned in a direction of column 3006 perpendicular to the directionof column 3002.

In the illustrated example, there is one second type unit 2904. To becomplementary with the first type units, the illustrative second typeunit 2904 includes 12 cables 2806 aligned in a direction of column 3002.Each second type unit 2904 may include a plurality of modules 3100 heldby a unit housing 3102. The plurality of modules in a second type unitmay be aligned in the direction of column 3002. Each module 3100 mayinclude a module housing 3112 holding a pair of signal conductors 3104A,3104B. The pair of signal conductors are separated in the direction ofcolumn 3006. The mating contact portions of the second type units mayform an array 3204. The arrays 3202 and 3204 together may form themating interface 2920 of the connector 2900.

The mating contact portions of the signal conductors are illustrated aspins. However, other configurations may be adopted, e.g., receptacles.The contact tails (not shown) of the signal conductors are attached withcables 2806. The attachment interface between the contact tails and thecables are protected by at least the unit housing. Each cable mayinclude a pair of wires, each of which is attached to a respectivecontact tail of a pair of signal conductors of a module. In someembodiments, the cables may be twin-ax cables. A shield surrounding theconductors of the twin-ax cable may be attached to a shield surroundingthe conductive elements in a respective module 3100. The unit housing3102 may extend farther in the direction of cable length than supportmembers 3004 such that the attachment interface between the modules 3100and the cables 2806 are covered.

FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate isometric views of a second type connector unitwith cables attached to form a cable assembly 3400. A cable assembly3400 may include an assembly housing 3402 holding a plurality of cableassembly modules 3420. Here, housing 3402 is made from two halves 3402Aand 3402B that are secured together, capturing modules 3420 betweenthem. These components may be held together through the use of adhesive,interference fit, heat staking or other suitable way.

The housing 3402 and the modules 3420 may form a second type connectorunit. In the embodiment illustrated, each of the modules 3420 has a pairof signal conductors, and the modules 3420 are arranged such that thesecond type connector unit has two columns of signal conductors.

FIG. 25C illustrates an isometric view of a cable assembly module 3420,which may include a module 3408 of a second type connector unit 3404 anda cable 3406. The module 3408 may include a pair of signal conductors3410A, 3410B held by a module housing 3412. Module 3408 may provide amating interface matching the mating interface provided by each extendermodule used in forming the first type connector units.

Conductors of the cables may be attached to signal conductors withinmodules 3408 in any suitable way. However, in accordance with someembodiments, the cable conductors may be attached to edges of the signalconductors so as to provide a conducting structure of substantiallyuniform thickness and/or substantially uniform spacing between theconductive elements. For example, the thickness, including both thethickness of the conductor of the cable, the signal conductor and anyweld, solder or other material to fuse the two may be no more than 10%greater than the thickness of the stock used to form the signalconductor. In some embodiments, the variation in thickness between thecable attachment and the stock thickness may be less than 25% or lessthan 50%. More generally, the variation in thickness may be less thanthe variation that might result from a conventional approach ofattaching the cable conductor at the broadside to connector signalconductor, which might increase the thickness of the conducting path by100% or more. Likewise, the separation at the attachment location may berelatively small, such as differing from the separation at the matinginterface by no more than 10%, or in some embodiments, no more than 5%.

Such a connection is illustrated in FIGS. 26A and 26B. FIG. 26Aillustrates an isometric view of the pair of signal conductors 3410A,3410B. Signal conductors 3410A, 3410B may represent signal conductorswithin a module 3408 or in any other cable connector. The signalconductors may include contact tails 3510, mating contact portions 3520,and intermediate portions 3530 that extend between the contact tails andthe mating contact potions. The signal conductors may jog towardsopposite directions in transition regions 3514, resulting a space s1between the contact tails different from a space s2 between theintermediate portions and, in the embodiment illustrated, between themating contact portions. In some embodiments, s1 may be larger than s2.The contact tails 3510 may include broadsides 3502 and edges 3504joining the broadsides. The pair of signal conductors may be held withthe contact tails in an edge-to-edge configuration, with an edge 3504Aof signal conductor 3410A facing an edge 3504B of signal conductor3410B. The mating contact portions 3520 may be configured as pins. Insome embodiments, the pins may be made by rolling metal sheets.

FIG. 26B illustrates an isometric view of a cable 3406 attached to thepair of signal conductors 3410A, 3410B. The cable 3406 may include apair of conductive elements 3510A, 3510B insulated by a dielectricportion 3512. Cable 3406 may additionally include a shield surroundingconductive elements 3510A, 3510B, which is not shown for simplicity.However, the shield may be attached to a shield or ground conductive inthe cable connector.

Portions of the pair of conductive elements may be exposed out of thedielectric portion. The exposed portion of the conductive element 3510Amay be attached to the edge 3504A of the signal conductor 3410A. Theexposed portion of the conductive element 3510B may be attached to theedge 3504B of the signal conductor 3410B. The attachment may be made inany suitable way, such as by welding or brazing. For example, laserwelding may be used. For example, a laser welding operation may beperformed in which a laser is aimed in a path along the edge of theconductive element, fusing the wire in the cable to the edge of theconductive element as the laser's point of focus changes.

In some embodiments, the laser may be controlled to form a runningfillet joint between each conductive element of the cable and the edgeof the signal conductor in the connector. The inventors have found thatsuch a joint may be more reliable and more repeatable than a weldthrough a wire. A suitable weld may be formed with a commerciallyavailable green laser, but any suitable welding equipment may be used.

Operations such as welding or brazing resulting in directly fusing theconductive elements of the cable to the conductive elements of theconnector may avoid the bulk of conductive material that might bepresent if other attachment techniques, such as soldering, were used.Reducing the bulk of conductive material used for attachment may reducechanges in impedance, which can contribute to desirable electricalproperties. However, in some embodiments, solder or other fusiblematerial may be added to facilitate attachment.

Cable conductors may be attached to edges of conductive elements of anysuitable shape in a connector. FIGS. 27A . . . 27D illustrate a methodof making a cable connector. FIG. 27A illustrates a plan view of amounting interface 3640 between a structure 3630 and a cable 3606. FIG.27B is an elevation view of the mounting interface 3640, illustratingthe relatively small additional thickness at the attachment location.The structure 3630 may include a pair of signal conductors 3610A and3610B joined by a tie bar 3602. The contact tails of the signalconductors may jog in opposite directions and away from the tie barthrough transition regions 3614. The structure 3630 may be stamped froma sheet of metal, such that the dimensions of that structure may beaccurately controlled by a stamping die.

The cable 3606 may include a pair of conductive elements 3620A, 3620B,each of which is attached to one of opposing edges of the signalconductors 3610A, 3610B. The pair of signal conductors 3610A and 3610Bis spaced from each other by a distance d1 to accommodate the cable3606. The distance d1 may be controlled by a width W of the tie bar 3602and/or the degree of slopes in the transition regions 3614. Thisdistance may be accurately controlled by the stamping.

FIG. 27C illustrates a plan view of a mounting interface 3642 between astructure 3630 and a cable 3606. FIG. 27C illustrates that an insulativehousing 3650 has been molded over structure 3630. Housing 3650 may bemolded using an insert molding operating or molded in any other suitableway. Tie bar 3602 has then been severed. In this configuration,conductive elements 3610A and 3610B have been separated. Spacing betweenconductive elements 3610A and 3610B is nonetheless maintained as bothare embedded in housing 3650.

With tie bar 3602 severed, mating contacts 3604A and 3604B on conductiveelements 3610A and 3610B may be formed to provide any suitable shape.Any suitable metal forming technique may be used. For example, the edgesmay be coined to provide mating contacts that are blades. Alternativelyor additionally, the mating contacts may be rolled to provide matingcontacts that are pins. As yet a further variation, the mating contactsmay be shaped as single beam contacts, dual-beam contacts or multi-beamcontacts. As a further alternative, separate components may be attachedto conductive elements 3610A and 3610B, such as to form a multi-beamstructure or to provide a receptacle.

The forming operations may leave mating contacts 3604A and 3604B spacedfrom each other by a distance d2, measured edge-to-edge. In theembodiment illustrated, d2 may approximate d1. For example, d2 maydiffer from d1 by 10% or less, or in some embodiments, 25% or 50% orless.

However, it is not a requirement that the separation between edges beuniform over the entire length of the contacts. The edges of thecontacts at the attachment region may taper towards each other or maytaper away from each other in a direction along the elongated axis ofmating contacts 3604A and 3604B. Such a configuration may provide agradual impedance transition from the cable the mating interface of theconnector. Alternatively or additionally, the shape of the conductiveelements 3610A and 3610B may vary over the length, such as to provide awider or narrower width inside the housing relative to outside. As anexample of a further variation, even if the opposing edges of conductiveelements 3610A and 3610B are shaped to provide a uniform spacing d2along the length of the conductive elements, the width of the conductiveelements in the attachment may be controlled, even varying along thelength of the conductive elements, by changing in the profile of theouter edges of conductive elements 3610A and 3610B. The outer edges, forexample, may taper toward or away from each other.

Having thus described several embodiments, it is to be appreciatedvarious alterations, modifications, and improvements may readily occurto those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, andimprovements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of theapplication.

Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way ofexample only. Various changes may be made to the illustrative structuresshown and described herein. For example, a method of manufacturing amodule for a cable connector was described in connection with FIGS. 27A. . . 27D. Steps of the method may be performed in an order other thanas described. Cable conductors may be attached after a housing a formedand/or after a time bar is severed.

As another example, conductive elements in a cable, such as conductiveelements 3620A and 3620B, may be shaped before or after attachment tosignal conductors, such as signal conductors 3610A and 3610B,respectively. In some embodiments, the conductive elements within thecable may be mechanically deformed by pressing them against the signalconductors. Such an operation may strengthen the joint between theconductive elements and the signal conductors once those components arefused. Alternatively or additionally, the conductive elements from thecable may be flattened, to form opposing surfaces parallel to thebroadsides of the signal conductors. Such a flattening operation mayimprove electrical performance by reducing variation in thickness of theconducting path. Alternatively or additionally, the conductive elementsfrom the cable may be flattened, to form one or more planar surfacesperpendicular to the broadsides of the signal conductors. Such a shapemay aid in attachment of the conductive elements to the signalconductors and/or provide more precise control of the separate betweenthe signal paths.

As another example, techniques are described for improving signalquality at the mating interface of an electrical interconnection system.These techniques may be used alone or in any suitable combination.Furthermore, the size of a connector may be increased or decreased fromwhat is shown. Also, it is possible that materials other than thoseexpressly mentioned may be used to construct the connector. As anotherexample, connectors with four differential signal pairs in a column areused for illustrative purposes only. Any desired number of signalconductors may be used in a connector.

As another example, an embodiment was described in which a differentfront housing portion is used to hold connector modules in adaughtercard connector configuration versus an orthogonal configuration.It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a front housingportion may be configured to support either use.

Manufacturing techniques may also be varied. For example, embodimentsare described in which the daughtercard connector 600 is formed byorganizing a plurality of wafers onto a stiffener. It may be possiblethat an equivalent structure may be formed by inserting a plurality ofshield pieces and signal receptacles into a molded housing.

As another example, connectors are described that are formed of modules,each of which contains one pair of signal conductors. It is notnecessary that each module contain exactly one pair or that the numberof signal pairs be the same in all modules in a connector. For example,a 2-pair or 3-pair module may be formed. Moreover, in some embodiments,a core module may be formed that has two, three, four, five, six, orsome greater number of rows in a single-ended or differential pairconfiguration. Each connector, or each wafer in embodiments in which theconnector is waferized, may include such a core module. To make aconnector with more rows than are included in the base module,additional modules (e.g., each with a smaller number of pairs such as asingle pair per module) may be coupled to the core module.

Furthermore, although many inventive aspects are shown and describedwith reference to a orthogonal connector having a right angleconfiguration, it should be appreciated that aspects of the presentdisclosure is not limited in this regard, as any of the inventiveconcepts, whether alone or in combination with one or more otherinventive concepts, may be used in other types of electrical connectors,such as backplane connectors, daughterboard connectors, midplaneconnectors, cable connectors, stacking connectors, mezzanine connectors,I/O connectors, chip sockets, etc.

In some embodiments, contact tails were illustrated as press fit “eye ofthe needle” compliant sections that are designed to fit within vias ofprinted circuit boards. However, other configurations may also be used,such as surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc.,as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of anyparticular mechanism for attaching connectors to printed circuit boards.

Further, signal and ground conductors are illustrated as having specificshapes. In the embodiments above, the signal conductors were routed inpairs, with each conductive element of the pair having approximately thesame shape so as to provide a balanced signal path. The signalconductors of the pair are positioned closer to each other than to otherconductive structures. One of skill in the art will understand thatother shapes may be used, and that a signal conductor or a groundconductor may be recognized by its shape or measurable characteristics.A signal conductor in many embodiments may be narrow relative to otherconductive elements that may serve as reference conductors to providelow inductance. Alternatively or additionally, the signal conductor mayhave a shape and position relative to a broader conductive element thatcan serve as a reference to provide a characteristic impedance suitablefor use in an electronic system, such as in the range of 50-120 Ohms.Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, the signalconductors may be recognized based on the relative positioning ofconductive structures that serve as shielding. The signal conductors,for example, may be substantially surrounded by conductive structuresthat can serve as shield members.

Further, the configuration of connector modules and extender modules asdescribed above provides shielding of signal paths through theinterconnection system formed by connector modules and extender modulesin a first connector and connector modules in a second connector. Insome embodiments, minor gaps in shield members or spacing between shieldmembers may be present without materially impacting the effectiveness ofthis shielding. It may be impractical, for example, in some embodiments,to extend shielding to the surface of a printed circuit board such thatthere is a gap on the order of 1 mm. Despite such separation or gaps,these configurations may nonetheless be regarded as fully shielded.

Moreover, examples of an extender are module are pictured with anorthogonal configuration. It should be appreciated that, without a 90degree twist, the extender modules may be used to form a RAM, if theextender module has pins or blades at its second end. Other types ofconnectors may alternatively be formed with modules with receptacles ormating contacts of other configurations at the second end.

Moreover, the extender modules are illustrated as forming a separableinterface with connector modules. Such an interface may include goldplating or plating with some other metal or other material that mayprevent oxide formation. Such a configuration, for example, may enablemodules identical to those used in a daughtercard connector to be usedwith the extender modules. However, it is not a requirement that theinterface between the connector modules and the extender modules beseparable. In some embodiments, for example, mating contacts of eitherthe connector module or extender module may generate sufficient force toscrape oxide from the mating contact and form a hermetic seal whenmated. In such an embodiment, gold and other platings might be omitted.

Connectors configured as described herein may provide desirable signalintegrity properties across a frequency range of interest. The frequencyrange of interest may depend on the operating parameters of the systemin which such a connector is used, but may generally have an upper limitbetween about 15 GHz and 50 GHz, such as 25 GHz, 30 or 40 GHz, althoughhigher frequencies or lower frequencies may be of interest in someapplications. Some connector designs may have frequency ranges ofinterest that span only a portion of this range, such as 1 to 10 GHz or3 to 15 GHz or 5 to 35 GHz.

The operating frequency range for an interconnection system may bedetermined based on the range of frequencies that can pass through theinterconnection with acceptable signal integrity. Signal integrity maybe measured in terms of a number of criteria that depend on theapplication for which an interconnection system is designed. Some ofthese criteria may relate to the propagation of the signal along asingle-ended signal path, a differential signal path, a hollowwaveguide, or any other type of signal path. Two examples of suchcriteria are the attenuation of a signal along a signal path or thereflection of a signal from a signal path.

Other criteria may relate to interaction of multiple distinct signalpaths. Such criteria may include, for example, near end cross talk,defined as the portion of a signal injected on one signal path at oneend of the interconnection system that is measurable at any other signalpath on the same end of the interconnection system. Another suchcriterion may be far end cross talk, defined as the portion of a signalinjected on one signal path at one end of the interconnection systemthat is measurable at any other signal path on the other end of theinterconnection system.

As specific examples, it could be required that signal path attenuationbe no more than 3 dB power loss, reflected power ratio be no greaterthan −20 dB, and individual signal path to signal path crosstalkcontributions be no greater than −50 dB. Because these characteristicsare frequency dependent, the operating range of an interconnectionsystem is defined as the range of frequencies over which the specifiedcriteria are met.

Designs of an electrical connector are described herein that may providedesirable signal integrity for high frequency signals, such as atfrequencies in the GHz range, including up to about 25 GHz or up toabout 40 GHz or higher, while maintaining high density, such as with aspacing between adjacent mating contacts on the order of 3 mm or less,including center-to-center spacing between adjacent contacts in a columnof between 1 mm and 2.5 mm or between 2 mm and 2.5 mm, for example.Spacing between columns of mating contact portions may be similar,although there is no requirement that the spacing between all matingcontacts in a connector be the same.

Accordingly, the present disclosure is not limited to the details ofconstruction or the arrangements of components set forth in thefollowing description and/or the drawings. Various embodiments areprovided solely for purposes of illustration, and the concepts describedherein are capable of being practiced or carried out in other ways.Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of“including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” or “involving,” andvariations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listedthereafter (or equivalents thereof) and/or as additional items.

What is claimed is:
 1. A cable assembly, comprising: a cable comprisinga conductive element; and a signal conductor comprising a contact tail,a mating contact portion opposite the contact tail in a first direction,and an intermediate portion extending between the contact tail and themating contact portion, the contact tail and the intermediate portioneach comprising first and second broadsides and first and second edgesjoining the broadsides, the first edge of the contact tail extendingfrom the first edge of the intermediate portion and the second edge ofthe contact tail extending from the second edge of the intermediateportion, wherein the conductive element of the cable is attached to thefirst edge of the contact tail of the signal conductor at an attachmentlocation, and the first edge of the contact tail of the signal conductoris offset in a second direction, perpendicular to the first direction,relative to the first edge of the intermediate portion such that theattachment location is offset with respect to the first edge of theintermediate portion.
 2. The cable assembly of claim 1, furthercomprising: an assembly housing enclosing the attachment location. 3.The cable assembly of claim 1, wherein: the conductive element of thecable and the signal conductor are electrically connected so as to forma signal path; and the thickness of the signal path in the attachmentlocation is no more than 10% greater than a thickness of the contacttail of the signal conductor outside the attachment location.
 4. Thecable assembly of claim 1, wherein: the conductive element of the cableand the signal conductor are electrically connected so as to form asignal path; and the thickness of the signal path in the attachmentlocation is no more than 10% greater than a thickness of theintermediate portion of the signal conductor.
 5. The cable assembly ofclaim 1, wherein: the conductive element of the cable is a firstconductive element of the cable, and the cable comprises a secondconductive element; the signal conductor is a first signal conductor andthe cable assembly comprises a second signal conductor adjacent thefirst signal conductor, wherein the second signal conductor comprises acontact tail, a mating contact portion opposite the contact tail in afirst direction, and an intermediate portion extending between thecontact tail and the mating contact portion, the contact tail and theintermediate portion each comprising first and second broadsides andfirst and second edges joining the broadsides, the first edge of thecontact tail extending from the first edge of the intermediate portionand the second edge of the contact tail extending from the second edgeof the intermediate portion; the first edge of the first signalconductor faces the second edge of the second signal conductor; thesecond conductive element of the cable is attached to the second edge ofthe contact tail of the second signal conductor; and the first edge ofthe contact tail of the first signal conductor and the second edge ofthe contact tail of the second signal conductor taper away from eachother.
 6. The cable assembly of claim 5, wherein: the first and secondbroadsides of the contact tail of the first and second signal conductorsextend from respective broadsides of the intermediate portions of thefirst and second signal conductor, and the broadsides of the contacttail of the first and second signal conductors have widths less than orequal to widths of the respective first and second broadsides of theintermediate portions of the first and second signal conductors.
 7. Thecable assembly of claim 5, wherein: the first conductive element of thecable and the first signal conductor are electrically connected so as toform a first signal path; the second conductive element of the cable andthe second signal conductor are electrically connected so as to form asecond signal path; and the first and second signal conductor eachcomprises a transition region extending between the contact tail and theintermediate portion such that a separation between the first signalpath and the second signal path at the attachment location matches aseparation between the first signal path and the second signal path atthe mating contact portions of the first and second signal conductors.8. A cable assembly, comprising: a plurality of signal conductors, eachsignal conductor of the plurality of signal conductors comprising acontact tail, a mating contact portion opposite the contact tail, and anintermediate portion extending between the contact tail and the matingcontact portion, the contact tail comprising broadsides and edgesjoining the broadsides; a plurality of cables, each of the plurality ofcables comprising at least one conductive element attached to one of theedges of the contact tail of a respective signal conductor of theplurality of signal conductors; and a housing molded over at least aportion of each of the plurality of signal conductors, holding theplurality of signal conductors in a column.
 9. The cable assembly ofclaim 8, wherein the contact tails of the plurality of signal conductorshave a first thickness; the at least one conductive element of each ofthe plurality of cables is attached to the respective signal conductorat a respective attachment location so as to form a plurality of signalpaths; and a thickness of the plurality of signal paths in theattachment locations is no more than 10% greater than the firstthickness.
 10. The cable assembly of claim 8, wherein: the plurality ofsignal conductors are arranged in a plurality of pairs each comprising afirst and second signal conductor, and the housing holds the first andsecond signal conductors of each of the plurality of pairs in anedge-to-edge configuration, with a first edge of the first signalconductor facing a second edge of the second signal conductor.
 11. Thecable assembly of claim 10, wherein: for each of the plurality of cablesand a respective pair of the plurality of pairs: the at least oneconductive element of each of the plurality of cables comprises a firstconductive element and a second conductive element, the first conductiveelement of the cable is attached to the first edge of the first signalconductor of the respective pair, and the second conductive element isattached to the second edge of the second signal conductor of therespective pair.
 12. The cable assembly of claim 11, wherein for each ofthe plurality of pairs: the first and second signal conductors areshaped such that a spacing between signal paths passing through thefirst and second conductive elements of the cable and into the first andsecond signal conductors is uniform.
 13. The cable assembly of claim 12,wherein: the contact tails of the first and second signal conductors jogaway from each other.
 14. The cable assembly of claim 12, wherein: thecontact tails of the first and second signal conductors are separated bya first distance, the intermediate portions of the first and secondsignal conductors are separated by a second distance, and the seconddistance is less than the first distance such that a separation atattachment locations differs from the first distance by no more than10%.
 15. A cable assembly, comprising: a cable comprising a conductiveelement; a signal conductor comprising a contact tail, a mating contactportion opposite the contact tail, and an intermediate portion extendingbetween the contact tail and the mating contact portion; and a jointbetween the conductive element and the signal conductor.
 16. The cableassembly of claim 15, wherein: the joint is a running fillet joint. 17.The cable assembly of claim 15, wherein the attachment of the conductiveelement and the signal conductor consists essentially of the joint. 18.The cable assembly of claim 15, wherein: the contact tail of the signalconductor comprises broadsides and edges joining the broadsides, and thejoint is between one of the edges of the contact tail of the signalconductor.
 19. The cable assembly of claim 18, wherein: the joint is arunning joint along the one of the edges of the contact tail of thesignal conductor.
 20. The cable assembly of claim 18, wherein: themating contact portion is at an end of the signal conductor that isopposite the contact tail in a first direction; the intermediate portionof the signal conductor comprises first and second broadsides and firstand second edges joining the broadsides; first and second broadsides andfirst and second edges of the contact tail of the signal conductorextend from respective first and second broadsides and first and secondedges of the intermediate portion of the signal conductor; the joint isformed at a first edge of the contact tail; and the joint is offset, ina direction perpendicular to the first direction, from the respectivefirst edge of the intermediate portion of the signal conductor.